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Psychoanalysis today is a whole trend in culture. It has gone far ahead of its naturalistic basis. Its individual branches no longer have a direct connection with the founder of the teaching. The paper presents analysis of the scientific and social status of psychoanalysis. The evolution of psychoanalytic teaching, its methodological and epistemological specificity are considered. The main directions of philosophical and scientific research are highlighted in which the use of psychoanalytic ideas and methods may have a heuristic value for science and philosophy. Scientific research methods will include study, analysis, synthesis, comparison of scientific literature on the topic of the paper.