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We study cytotoxic properties of low-dimensional nanostructures based on aluminum oxide and hydroxide phases with the morphology of agglomerated crumpled nanosheets. Among them are nanostructures of pseudoboehmite, [gamma]-Al[2]O[3] and [theta]-Al[2]O[3]. Nanostructures of pseudoboehmite synthesized by hydrothermal oxidation of AlN/Al nanoparticles in water. [gamma]-Al2O3 and [theta]-Al[2]O[3] nanostructures were prepared by heat treatment of pseudoboehmite. The greatest cytotoxic effect is seen for cells in contact with [gamma]-Al[2]O[3]. An analysis of properties of the synthesized nanostructures shows that [gamma]-Al[2]O[3] causes a higher increase in pH values of the cell culture medium and neutralizes the acidity to a greater extent.