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The study considers “life expectancy” as a complex category at the intersection of biological, social and economic sciences. The mathematical component of the “life expectancy” indicator is deciphered on the basis of the so-called lifetables. The factors of influence on the economic category dynamics are analyzed and systematized with the subsequent determination of the strength of their relationship through a correlation and regression analysis. The research subjects are Russia, Kazakhstan, the USA and China, which allows assessing the dynamics of life expectancy in developed and developing countries, as well as in transition economies. The correlation and regression analysis revealed that in economically unstable countries (Russia and Kazakhstan), biological factors associated with the spread of HIV and tuberculosis are the most powerful. In developed countries (the USA and China), social factors associated with public health policy and environmental trends come to the fore.